MarkupText#

Qualified name: manim.mobject.text.text\_mobject.MarkupText

class MarkupText(text, fill_opacity=1, stroke_width=0, color=None, font_size=48, line_spacing=- 1, font='', slant='NORMAL', weight='NORMAL', justify=False, gradient=None, tab_width=4, height=None, width=None, should_center=True, disable_ligatures=False, warn_missing_font=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: SVGMobject

Display (non-LaTeX) text rendered using Pango.

Text objects behave like a VGroup-like iterable of all characters in the given text. In particular, slicing is possible.

What is PangoMarkup?

PangoMarkup is a small markup language like html and it helps you avoid using “range of characters” while coloring or styling a piece a Text. You can use this language with MarkupText.

A simple example of a marked-up string might be:

<span foreground="blue" size="x-large">Blue text</span> is <i>cool</i>!"

and it can be used with MarkupText as

Example: MarkupExample

../_images/MarkupExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class MarkupExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text = MarkupText('<span foreground="blue" size="x-large">Blue text</span> is <i>cool</i>!"')
        self.add(text)

A more elaborate example would be:

Example: MarkupElaborateExample

../_images/MarkupElaborateExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class MarkupElaborateExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text = MarkupText(
            '<span foreground="purple">ا</span><span foreground="red">َ</span>'
            'ل<span foreground="blue">ْ</span>ع<span foreground="red">َ</span>ر'
            '<span foreground="red">َ</span>ب<span foreground="red">ِ</span>ي'
            '<span foreground="green">ّ</span><span foreground="red">َ</span>ة'
            '<span foreground="blue">ُ</span>'
        )
        self.add(text)

PangoMarkup can also contain XML features such as numeric character entities such as &#169; for © can be used too.

The most general markup tag is <span>, then there are some convenience tags.

Here is a list of supported tags:

  • <b>bold</b>, <i>italic</i> and <b><i>bold+italic</i></b>

  • <ul>underline</ul> and <s>strike through</s>

  • <tt>typewriter font</tt>

  • <big>bigger font</big> and <small>smaller font</small>

  • <sup>superscript</sup> and <sub>subscript</sub>

  • <span underline="double" underline_color="green">double underline</span>

  • <span underline="error">error underline</span>

  • <span overline="single" overline_color="green">overline</span>

  • <span strikethrough="true" strikethrough_color="red">strikethrough</span>

  • <span font_family="sans">temporary change of font</span>

  • <span foreground="red">temporary change of color</span>

  • <span fgcolor="red">temporary change of color</span>

  • <gradient from="YELLOW" to="RED">temporary gradient</gradient>

For <span> markup, colors can be specified either as hex triples like #aabbcc or as named CSS colors like AliceBlue. The <gradient> tag is handled by Manim rather than Pango, and supports hex triplets or Manim constants like RED or RED_A. If you want to use Manim constants like RED_A together with <span>, you will need to use Python’s f-String syntax as follows:

MarkupText(f'<span foreground="{RED_A}">here you go</span>')

If your text contains ligatures, the MarkupText class may incorrectly determine the first and last letter when creating the gradient. This is due to the fact that fl are two separate characters, but might be set as one single glyph - a ligature. If your language does not depend on ligatures, consider setting disable_ligatures to True. If you must use ligatures, the gradient tag supports an optional attribute offset which can be used to compensate for that error.

For example:

  • <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset="1">example</gradient> to start the gradient one letter earlier

  • <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset=",1">example</gradient> to end the gradient one letter earlier

  • <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset="2,1">example</gradient> to start the gradient two letters earlier and end it one letter earlier

Specifying a second offset may be necessary if the text to be colored does itself contain ligatures. The same can happen when using HTML entities for special chars.

When using underline, overline or strikethrough together with <gradient> tags, you will also need to use the offset, because underlines are additional paths in the final SVGMobject. Check out the following example.

Escaping of special characters: > should be written as &gt; whereas < and & must be written as &lt; and &amp;.

You can find more information about Pango markup formatting at the corresponding documentation page: Pango Markup. Please be aware that not all features are supported by this class and that the <gradient> tag mentioned above is not supported by Pango.

Parameters

  • text (str) – The text that needs to be created as mobject.

  • fill_opacity (float) – The fill opacity, with 1 meaning opaque and 0 meaning transparent.

  • stroke_width (float) – Stroke width.

  • font_size (float) – Font size.

  • line_spacing (int) – Line spacing.

  • font (str) – Global font setting for the entire text. Local overrides are possible.

  • slant (str) – Global slant setting, e.g. NORMAL or ITALIC. Local overrides are possible.

  • weight (str) – Global weight setting, e.g. NORMAL or BOLD. Local overrides are possible.

  • gradient (tuple) – Global gradient setting. Local overrides are possible.

  • warn_missing_font (bool) – If True (default), Manim will issue a warning if the font does not exist in the (case-sensitive) list of fonts returned from manimpango.list_fonts().

  • color (Color | None) –

  • justify (bool) –

  • tab_width (int) –

  • height (int) –

  • width (int) –

  • should_center (bool) –

  • disable_ligatures (bool) –

Returns

The text displayed in form of a VGroup-like mobject.

Return type

MarkupText

Examples

Example: BasicMarkupExample

../_images/BasicMarkupExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class BasicMarkupExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text1 = MarkupText("<b>foo</b> <i>bar</i> <b><i>foobar</i></b>")
        text2 = MarkupText("<s>foo</s> <u>bar</u> <big>big</big> <small>small</small>")
        text3 = MarkupText("H<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>")
        text4 = MarkupText("type <tt>help</tt> for help")
        text5 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="double">foo</span> <span underline="error">bar</span>'
        )
        group = VGroup(text1, text2, text3, text4, text5).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

Example: ColorExample

../_images/ColorExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class ColorExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text1 = MarkupText(
            f'all in red <span fgcolor="{YELLOW}">except this</span>', color=RED
        )
        text2 = MarkupText("nice gradient", gradient=(BLUE, GREEN))
        text3 = MarkupText(
            'nice <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW">intermediate</gradient> gradient',
            gradient=(BLUE, GREEN),
        )
        text4 = MarkupText(
            'fl ligature <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW">causing trouble</gradient> here'
        )
        text5 = MarkupText(
            'fl ligature <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset="1">defeated</gradient> with offset'
        )
        text6 = MarkupText(
            'fl ligature <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset="1">floating</gradient> inside'
        )
        text7 = MarkupText(
            'fl ligature <gradient from="RED" to="YELLOW" offset="1,1">floating</gradient> inside'
        )
        group = VGroup(text1, text2, text3, text4, text5, text6, text7).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

Example: UnderlineExample

../_images/UnderlineExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class UnderlineExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text1 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="double" underline_color="green">bla</span>'
        )
        text2 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="single" underline_color="green">xxx</span><gradient from="#ffff00" to="RED">aabb</gradient>y'
        )
        text3 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="single" underline_color="green">xxx</span><gradient from="#ffff00" to="RED" offset="-1">aabb</gradient>y'
        )
        text4 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="double" underline_color="green">xxx</span><gradient from="#ffff00" to="RED">aabb</gradient>y'
        )
        text5 = MarkupText(
            '<span underline="double" underline_color="green">xxx</span><gradient from="#ffff00" to="RED" offset="-2">aabb</gradient>y'
        )
        group = VGroup(text1, text2, text3, text4, text5).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

Example: FontExample

../_images/FontExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class FontExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text1 = MarkupText(
            'all in sans <span font_family="serif">except this</span>', font="sans"
        )
        text2 = MarkupText(
            '<span font_family="serif">mixing</span> <span font_family="sans">fonts</span> <span font_family="monospace">is ugly</span>'
        )
        text3 = MarkupText("special char > or &gt;")
        text4 = MarkupText("special char &lt; and &amp;")
        group = VGroup(text1, text2, text3, text4).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

Example: NewlineExample

../_images/NewlineExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class NewlineExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text = MarkupText('foooo<span foreground="red">oo\nbaa</span>aar')
        self.add(text)

Example: NoLigaturesExample

../_images/NoLigaturesExample-1.png 
from manim import *

class NoLigaturesExample(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        text1 = MarkupText('fl<gradient from="RED" to="GREEN">oat</gradient>ing')
        text2 = MarkupText('fl<gradient from="RED" to="GREEN">oat</gradient>ing', disable_ligatures=True)
        group = VGroup(text1, text2).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

As MarkupText uses Pango to render text, rendering non-English characters is easily possible:

Example: MultiLanguage

../_images/MultiLanguage-1.png 
from manim import *

class MultiLanguage(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        morning = MarkupText("வணக்கம்", font="sans-serif")
        japanese = MarkupText(
            '<span fgcolor="blue">日本</span>へようこそ'
        )  # works as in ``Text``.
        mess = MarkupText("Multi-Language", weight=BOLD)
        russ = MarkupText("Здравствуйте मस नम म ", font="sans-serif")
        hin = MarkupText("नमस्ते", font="sans-serif")
        chinese = MarkupText("臂猿「黛比」帶著孩子", font="sans-serif")
        group = VGroup(morning, japanese, mess, russ, hin, chinese).arrange(DOWN)
        self.add(group)

You can justify the text by passing justify parameter.

Example: JustifyText 

from manim import *

class JustifyText(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        ipsum_text = (
            "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit."
            "Praesent feugiat metus sit amet iaculis pulvinar. Nulla posuere "
            "quam a ex aliquam, eleifend consectetur tellus viverra. Aliquam "
            "fermentum interdum justo, nec rutrum elit pretium ac. Nam quis "
            "leo pulvinar, dignissim est at, venenatis nisi."
        )
        justified_text = MarkupText(ipsum_text, justify=True).scale(0.4)
        not_justified_text = MarkupText(ipsum_text, justify=False).scale(0.4)
        just_title = Title("Justified")
        njust_title = Title("Not Justified")
        self.add(njust_title, not_justified_text)
        self.play(
            FadeOut(not_justified_text),
            FadeIn(justified_text),
            FadeOut(njust_title),
            FadeIn(just_title),
        )
        self.wait(1)

Tests

Check that the creation of MarkupText works:

>>> MarkupText('The horse does not eat cucumber salad.')
MarkupText('The horse does not eat cucumber salad.')

Methods

Attributes

animate

Used to animate the application of any method of self.

animation_overrides

color

depth

The depth of the mobject.

fill_color

If there are multiple colors (for gradient) this returns the first one

font_size

hash_seed

A unique hash representing the result of the generated mobject points.

height

The height of the mobject.

n_points_per_curve

sheen_factor

stroke_color

width

The width of the mobject.